Second-Generation H1 Antihistamines
Lluís Ferrer, DVM, PhD, DECVD, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Second-generation H1 antihistamines can be effective tools in the treatment of canine chronic urticaria. Anecdotal reports have also found them to be useful in the control of pruritus in some dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) and in cats with allergic skin disease.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cetirizine (active metabolite of hydroxyzine), loratadine, and fexofenadine (active metabolite of terfenadine) are the most commonly used second-generation H1 antihistamines in veterinary medicine.1-4
Recommended dose protocols
Cetirizine
Dogs: 1 mg/kg PO once a day1,3,5
Cats: 5 mg/cat PO once a day6,7
Loratadine1
Dogs: 1 mg/kg PO 1-2 times a day
Cats: 2.5-5 mg/cat PO once a day
Fexofenadine (anecdotal)
Dogs: 5-10 mg/kg PO once a day
Cats: 15-30 mg/cat PO once a day
All 3 medications are affordably priced.
One month of treatment costs <$60.
In dogs, the primary indications for use of second-generation H1 antihistamines are chronic urticaria and AD.
Acute and severe cases of urticaria have been treated with epinephrine and glucocorticoids (PO, IM, IV).2
In chronic or relapsing cases, all H1 antihistamines can be effective in preventing development of new lesions, although they appear to have limited efficacy on existing lesions.2
Clinical efficacy of any H1 antihistamine treatment of canine AD is controversial, primarily because of the scarce number of well-designed randomized controlled trials.8
In a single-blinded placebo-controlled study, only 18% of dogs showed satisfactory pruritus control when treated with cetirizine at 1 mg/kg PO once a day.3
One double-blinded placebo-controlled study could not detect efficacy of terfenadine as an antipruritic agent in atopic dogs.9
However, several open studies have shown acceptable results, especially in mildly pruritic dogs without chronic skin lesions.
In 1 study of 30 dogs, >60% had at least partial reduction of clinical signs when treated with 1 of 6 different antihistamines (ie, hydroxyzine, trimeprazine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, promethazine, cyproheptadine), with hydroxyzine being the most effective.10
In a comparative study involving 30 dogs, fexofenadine at a high dose of 18 mg/kg PO once a day demonstrated the same efficacy as did methylprednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg PO once a day.4
A retrospective study showed that 25% of clients administering oral antihistamines to their atopic dogs reported high efficacy in controlling clinical signs.11
Despite varied study results, many dermatologists agree that all H1 antihistamines have a place in the management of canine AD.1,8
Prescribing an antihistamine for a minimum of 2 weeks before evaluating its effectiveness has been recommended.1 The beneficial effect, if any, occurs within the first 7 to 14 days of treatment.
Drugs of this class are best used as preventives before a flare occurs and should be given on a continuous daily basis to prevent or reduce severity of AD flares.8
When using any H1 antihistamine in the treatment of canine AD, recommended strategy is based on clinical observations and patient response.12
Efficacy appears to be variable among individuals.1,8
All H1 antihistamines may be additive or synergistic in their effects when used with other medications (eg, supplemental essential fatty acids, corticosteroids) and are therefore considered steroid-sparing agents (ie, they may allow for steroid dose reduction).13
Sedative actions may be partly responsible for clinical benefit.8
In some patients, first-generation antihistamines (eg, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, chlorpheniramine, amitriptyline) may be more effective than second-generation antihistamines.8
H1 antihistamines, best used as preventives before a flare occurs, should be given on a continuous daily basis.8
Very few reports have been published on the efficacy of second-generation H1 antihistamine treatment of allergic skin disease in cats.
In 1 study, cetirizine administered at 5 mg/cat PO once a day was effective in controlling pruritus in 13 of 32 (41% of) cats with allergic skin disease.7
Because of the steroid-sparing effect of antihistamines, they are usually given to allergic cats in combination with steroids.2
PHARMACOLOGY
All H1 antihistamines down-regulate allergic inflammation directly, acting as inverse agonists that combine with and stabilize inactive conformation of the H1 receptor on sensory neurons and small blood vessels.14,15
They also appear to decrease histamine release from basophils and mast cells in vitro.16
Hydroxyzine and its metabolite cetirizine have demonstrable antihistaminic action in dogs and according to some authors should be the preferred antihistamines used in that species.5,8
Second-generation H1 antihistamines were developed to avoid the sedation (considered a main side effect) of first-generation H1 antihistamines.15
Because of their lipid solubility, relatively high molecular weight, and affinity for the P-glycoprotein efflux pump, second-generation H1 antihistamines penetrate poorly into the CNS.17
They also appear to have low potential of crossing the blood-brain barrier. P-glycoprotein further reduces the accumulation of cetirizine and fexofenadine in the CNS.17
Third-generation antihistamine is occasionally used to define the newest members of this antihistamine family (ie, levocetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine).
However, the pharmacologic characteristics of both second- and third- generation antihistamines are essentially the same and, therefore, have been grouped together.14
There may be some basis for the belief that second-generation H1 antihistamines may not be as effective as their first-generation counterparts.
However, good head-to-head comparisons of the pharmacologic actions of first- vs second-generation antihistamines are lacking.
An advantage of second-generation H1 antihistamines is their relatively minimal sedative effect as compared with their first-generation counterparts.15
Second-generation drugs are considered a good alternative for patients that respond to antihistamines but present with unwanted side effects (eg, drowsiness, behavioral changes).12
However, as noted earlier, the sedative actions of first-generation antihistamines may have clinical benefits in some patients.8
Another main advantage is the longer half-life of second-generation antihistamines and once- or twice-daily administration.
In dogs, the terminal half-life of cetirizine is 10 to 11 hours.5
In comparison, first-generation antihistamines require more frequent administration (ie, 2-3 times a day).5
DRUG INTERACTIONS & ADVERSE EVENTS
No known contraindications are associated with second-generation H1 antihistamines.
Substances that act as inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme (eg, ketoconazole, erythromycin, cimetidine) can lead to increased plasma levels of loratadine.15
In the author’s experience, cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine appear to be well tolerated in dogs and cats.
Vomiting, loss of appetite, or drowsiness has occasionally been reported.3,4
Terfenadine, a second-generation H1 antihistamine, has shown cardiotoxic effects (ie, arrhythmia, prolonged QT interval) in humans, especially at high doses.15
This product has been removed from the market in the United States, Canada, and most European countries.
Cardiotoxicity has not been detected in canine or feline patients receiving cetirizine, loratadine, or fexofenadine.
AD = atopic dermatitis, CYP3A4 = cytochrome P450 3A4, AD = atopic dermatitis, CNS = central nervous system, H1 = histamine 1 receptor